Posted by on Jan 26, 2012 in
Writing Books There is something magical that happens when someone writes an article or a book, and it then gets published so that others may read it. That magical thing that happens is that the author automatically becomes an expert and gains instant credibility. If you would like to gain credibility for yourself and your business, then one of the best ways to do that is to write an e-book. Writing an e-book is very simple, it doesn’t cost anything, and it’s a great way to brand you as an expert.
In just a few short steps, you will have a great e-book done and ready to brand you as an expert in that area. The first step is to decide what it is that you want to write about. You need a topic. If you have an area of expertise about your business or a hobby then that would be a fantastic start to an e-book. If you don’t currently have an area of expertise, then you might have to do a little bit of research. If you have a body of research or published material, articles for example, then you could rewrite those into an e-book as well.
The next step is to determine who you are going to be writing for. You are going to want to determine what group of people is going to be reading your e-book. Do you think that your topic is going to appeal to a very large section of internet users or a fairly small section? What do you think that age range of your group is going to be? What other interests might they have that they might be willing to pay you for in the future?
Next you are going to need to do some keyword research so that your e-book will get a great position on Yahoo and Google. The better the position, the more likely that a large number of people will find it, and the greater your expert status will become.
The final step is to sit down and write your e-book. It doesn’t need to be complicated or very long. After you have gathered all of your research materials together, then it should only take a few hours to hammer out 20-25 pages. That is a good length for an e-book because, keep in mind, that people who read this are only interested in answering a few specific questions. They don’t want to spend a lot of time reading in order to get the answers. So keep is short, simple, and to the point.
If you would like to learn how to use e-books and articles to brand you as an expert and make money online, then go to http://www.1ticket2wealth.com and download my FREE special report and learn how to earn a great income with proven online marketing techniques.
Tags: Ebook, Simple, Steps, write
Posted by on Jan 22, 2012 in
Research Term Papers Assignment sheet, check; data, check; coffee, check; net, check; now all that’s left is to how to start it. It’s an obvious thing because usually high schools don’t prepare the students in writing a college term paper and even if they do, it’s not up to the merit. No worries, because there are plenty of websites, and your instructor is there to help you out.
Pointer 1) Always discuss the topic with your teachers:
Discussing it with your teacher can clarify a lot of things, like what exactly your teacher wants out of your college term paper. Some students write down about the general topic, when actually they want some reviews from the scholars, the good, the bad and the ugly side of that topic. So it’s better to clarify rather than write down in ignorance and then end up with a bad grade. Another pointer is that, typically after getting the assignment, students immediately contact the teacher and ask what to write. It’s a good attitude as its shows interest but it’s even better that you go prepared about the topic, meaning do some research on your behalf, about the Pros, Cons advantages and disadvantages about the topic, so when the discussion starts you are able to grasp a lot rather than end up with just few pointers.
Pointer 2) Research according to the headings:
When any students starts researching, they make the biggest and the typical mistake by going on all out about the topic. College term paper isn’t just about the topic, there are arguments to be proved or disagreed etc so make a road map in your mind that is where to start and where to end. So research from the starting point, then come to the middle after you have gathered enough materials, and then come to conclusion.
After you are done with research (make sure you research your college term paper topic from authentic websites, and books so you don’t end up with Trash In Trash Out phenomena) we now move on to pointer no 2
Pointer 3) Brainstorming:
Brainstorming is considered the most important part of any college term paper, because it’s here where our sleeping geniuses get awakened. While you are researching, your mind is in the sponge mode, i.e. absorbing a lot of information. So when you start brainstorming, its better that you aren’t in researching mode because everything will get mixed up in your head. So now rainstorm and organize your thoughts, if more material is required you can start researching again, but be aware that too much information gathering is only going to ruin your hard work.
Pointer 4) Draw a rough outline:
This is the best part because it’s here where mistakes and mumbo jumbo come out pouring in your college term paper. This is where you have to play the filtration part so start cleaning up. Read everything thoroughly and see which part is related to your topic and which is not.
Pointer 5) One last checkup with your teacher:
Show the rough draft to your teacher just in case of any missing pointers, it would do you a lot good.
And now Finalize IT!
Tags: College, Paper, Simple, Steps, term, write
Posted by on Dec 26, 2011 in
Writing Books Writing can be one of the most wonderful pastimes for creative people as it not only enables you to put your ideas on paper but it also provides you a vehicle to make some extra cash. Not all individuals can write the perfect story or book, but you should take into account that proper guidance and knowledge is also important in determining how successful your writing would turn out.
Below are some steps to write a book that you could follow when you’re writing your book that could just give you the extra edge in making it big in the writing arena.
One of the first steps to write a book is that you should decide on how much time you’d allocate to writing. Writing should be a passion and one should not feel forced or hesitant to do it. The reason being, if you’re not in the mood for writing the words that you’ll eventually portray and the idea in the book would all seem vague and not interesting. So, always plan on how much time you’ll spend on each chapter of your book and work towards achieving those goals that you’ve set out.
Another step to write a book and to do it fast would be by getting a coach to help you out. Writing coaches don’t usually involve a person standing right next to you when you’re in the process of writing your book. You can get all the experience and expertise of a book writing coach either online or from using one of their training manuals to guide you, while you work at your own pace.
There are also online writing coaches that would give you step by step guidance on how you could write your book and also add in an idea or two. These coaches are also very optimistic and they are available most of the time, where a considerable amount of fee is required.
Also bear in mind that a good writing coach can be hard to come by, but with proper research and through surfing the internet you’ll soon find the perfect one for you. One tip would be to read the remarks of people who have been under that certain writing coach or even some websites do offer trial runs for new members.
When you find a good writing coach, find out what they recommend as the basic steps to write a book to see if you both agree on what is required, then use and take this opportunity and you’ll soon be heading in to a positive and successful path in writing.
Tags: Book, Coach, Fast, Getting, Include, Steps, write
Posted by on Nov 28, 2011 in
Article Writer Article marketing is a tremendously powerful method to drive targeted traffic to your offers. But, the potential downside is that if you produce poorly written SEO Link Vine, then your efforts will largely be in vain. The majority of people cannot write good SEO Link Vine on their own. There’s nothing unusual about it, but it’s common that the majority of people need to put more effort into writing than others. Fortunately, it’s more than possible to learn how to do this. You never know, maybe you’ll turn-out to be the greatest article writer there ever was. Here are some hints to help you out.
First, remember that you don’t want to sell anything with your SEO Link Vine. Your SEO Link Vine are meant to entice people to your website. Just be sure to leave the selling to whatever copy or other content you have on your site. Another purpose your SEO Link Vine have is to help educate people. What’s also going on is you’re trying to convince people that you know what you’re talking about in your market. It’s imperative that readers feel like they can trust what you say. At this particular point, you don’t need or want to sell. You can do the selling later on in the whole process. Concentrate your efforts on proving your own expertise in your chosen topic when you write your SEO Link Vine. If their satisfied with you, trust you, and want more information, then they’ll click-through and see what you have to offer.
Always write your introduction in very clear language. No need to make your introduction terribly long. The intro section is important, but it only exposes the article topic and briefly states what is about to be learned. Some people take a while to do this. You’ll see some SEO Link Vine in which the writer used very succinct sentences in the intro. In addition, the introduction serves to lead the reader further into the article body. It’s just that writers are different, of course, and some will prefer to express in shorter sentences. Others prefer to tell a story. If you write enough, you’ll soon understand what you like and works best for you.
Make an outline before you write – always. Lesser experienced article writers can benefit immensely from doing this. It can be as simple as writing down what your points will be, and the order in which you’ll make them. All you need at that point is the conclusion and introduction, and then your outline is created. If you do this, you’ll discover your focus is improved and your not wandering all over the place. More good news is you won’t need as much time to write your SEO Link Vine.
It’s not hard to learn SEO Link Vine on a basic level, and anyone can do that. You cannot go wrong at all by learning it, either.
You won’t always have enough to hire a professional writer to create your SEO Link Vine for you. So then you can write your materials and hopefully your business will become profitable faster. You don’t have to be Earnest Hemingway, you just have to be good enough to keep the reader’s eyes on your page.
Tags: Article, Become, Better, Simple, Steps, Writer
Posted by on Nov 23, 2011 in
College And University You may soon become a student of a university or may already be a one but you already know the importance of different assignments that are given to assess the knowledge of students. Especially important and even fate deciding assignment that is extremely hard to complete right is a college application essay. Nowadays’ fierce competition and entering requirements leave students with only way to be outstanding from the crowd of rivals. College application essay is destined to become a lucky ticket into the world of education and first successful step towards career development. Therefore a college application essay you write should be a masterpiece that demonstrates good command of English, logical and coherent fact placement and development and of course, the ability to express oneself in an easy-to comprehend way.
There are two possible variants for you to choose from: either you will be accepted to a family called university or you will be rejected and hope to get there the same year will fade away as soon as you see the number of points you got for your essay. If you do not want the last to happen, make sure to learn the criteria of college application essay by heart. First of all, the essay that is going to present you from you personal point of view should not be focused on your outstanding academic achievements. This information is already worked through and the committee will not get anything peculiarly new from such an essay. Instead try to focus your attention on your activities that are not related to school, such as sports, music, art, volunteering and other achievements. Retell a story from your life or present your hobby, but d it in the way that is going to present you as a unique individual with a lot of talents and abilities that are going to contribute to the university life. Make a story sound exciting or touching, the point is to make the committee feel that you are a bright young man or woman that is worth attention and costs invested. Good command of English is also required in English essay writing. By assigning an English essay tutors test your ability to express yourself. You must show exceptionally good command of English in your essay to make a favorable impression on the tutor. There are a lot of stylistic elements that help you to make an impression of literate, intelligent and unique young person.
You may be given a variety of topics to reveal in your English essay. For example you may be asked to describe the differences between the modern English and the language of Shakespeare. Though different types of essays have different requirements, you are to remember that there is one thing they have in common and that is structure and format. If you study these peculiarities carefully, you’ll be the lucky one to get to university of your dreams.
Tags: Application, College, Essay, Several, Steps, Writing
Posted by on Oct 20, 2011 in
Writing Books Have you given up on writing your saleable book this year? Don’t throw in the towel yet! I’m convinced you can still do it. You can get started and even complete your short book in a few weeks.
There’s no one holding you back but the face looking back at you in the mirror. Yes, you know the one. Don’t miss out on the big benefits your book will bring in the coming years.
You can write a saleable book and create an additional income to help pay off bills or take a much needed vacation. Get your book done and dream a bigger dream. Imagine raising your fees four times higher because your skill level has increased and you have author behind your name.
Now that you are properly motivated, here are seven simple steps that will get you started:
1. Start with a plan to complete your book in excellence. Before you write one word inside the book, write your plan. You may miss the mark of a saleable book if you don’t take the time to plan. Create a simple program of how your book will be written, how long it will take and so on. Then write a book marketing plan including your book’s topic and table of contents. Write down who will most likely buy your book (targeted reader) and then write your promotional plan.
2. Setup passion points that will guide you and your readers to the end of your book. Every part of your book should be written and designed with a passionate but promotional slant. There are strategic points throughout your book that will help make up your potential reader’s mind about whether to purchase your book or even keep reading.
To start with, create a hot title that’s simple but grabs attention. Discover ways to seal the sale of your book with an interesting introduction and table of contents. Write sales copy for the back cover that’s loaded with reader benefits and testimonials about your great book.
3. Sizzle your titles to sell more books. Learn how to write skillful titles that sizzle. You will use this skill in not just creating a grab you by the eyeballs book title but you will need it in writing titles for your chapters, book sections, list bullet points, brochures, booklets and website headings. You will need it in writing your back cover, sales letter headings, lists and sub-headings. In fact, you will use it in writing any marketing piece you use.
4. Mine your knowledge and experiences like gold. Using these simple steps to write a saleable book, you will pull nuggets and blocks of information from your speeches, workshops, classes, school papers and brochures. More than likely, you have already done the research needed to validate your information. If not, take the time to do the research and validate each block of information you find.
5. Create framework to structure your chapters. Every non-fiction book has a repeating set structure. For example, each chapter will start with a chapter number, chapter title, introduction, a set of tips or instruction and a chapter summary. That set framework creates the structure for each chapter. You can set up a chapter template using the repeating structure for each chapter. So that after you’ve mined your blocks of information from your knowledge and experiences, you can simply put them into place in each chapter template.
6. Use speed writing techniques to write a book fast. Every journey is easier with a friendly mentor. Find a pattern for writing a book and you can get it done much faster. Choose someone that has traveled the path before you and follow in their foot steps. There are many book writing coaches available to walk alongside you. At least sign up for a course, buy a book or use a book writing program with the steps already laid out for you to accomplish the task of writing a saleable book.
7. Create multiple ways to profit from your book. The seventh step in writing your book is deciding to refine, repeat and repackage the body of information inside your book for more profits. To start with, develop a website for your book with a sign-up form to build a list of people interested in your book’s topic. To entice them, you can offer them a free report, newsletter, or mini-course about your book’s topic.
Doing so, you begin building a relationship with your book readers. As you grow, you may decide to create a home study course, an audio book, a correspondence course, a signature speech all related to your book’s topic. Your email list will be the first people you tell and sell your new products to. Because, they bought your book and liked it; they will gladly sign up for your home study course or other product you’ve designed to help them reach their goals.
Don’t drag your feet any longer. Remember to create a plan, setup passion points to sell more books, sizzle your titles, mine your knowledge like gold, create a set structure in your book, use speed writing techniques and create multiple ways to profit from your book. Use the seven simple steps above and go to your destiny as author. I’m hoping to see your name in print soon. Write your book and make us all proud!
Now Pay Close Attention –
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Tags: Book, Saleable, Steps, write
Posted by on Oct 6, 2011 in
Writing Books The prime objective of the writer should be to present an e-book that satisfies the audience and is their money’s worth. It is the audience that plays a deciding role in the success or failure of the book. Sometimes even a well researched content of the book fails to impress the audience. The reasons are improper presentation and faulty layout, spelling and grammar mistakes, lack of proper content flow and use of complex sentences. There are few editing steps that need to be followed proper during e-book editing so that the audience can enjoy the style and quality of the book.
Writing and Re-writing
The proper way to remove errors from the content is to create an initial draft and wait or some time. After having dwelt on it for some time, it better to write it again. This will help to spot the errors easily and add what had been overlooked, previously. Reading and brainstorming during the time interval between the initial draft and the re-write is very crucial in improving the quality of the content. However if the writer is still not satisfied with the quality he or she can repeat the process, to achieve the desired level of quality.
Taking Opinions
Taking into the consideration what others opine for the manuscript is very important part of the e-book editing. The idea is to offer the content to the group of interested readers, whether friends, relatives or well wishers and ask them to provide an unbiased feedback on the quality. Any criticism should be taken positively and the drawback in the content should be removed. This will immensely help in increasing the overall quality of the content and provides the writer confidence that he or she is proceeding ahead on the right track.
Maintaining High Degree of Content Relevance and Good Flow
The title of the book should be highly relevant to the content. The title is an important part of the book because it provides the reader the idea on what the e-book is exactly about. Any deviation in the content from the title will dilute the interest of the audience and they may completely ignore the book. Hence while editing the electronic book the content relevance should be properly checked and any error in it should be promptly removed. The content flow should be free from disruption. The main idea of the book should be allowed to flow freely from the beginning to the end and any errors in it should be removed. This will allow the readers to enjoy the book and bond with it. To enhance the quality of the book and establish the reputation as an excellent e-book writer, it is necessary for him or her to employ e-book editing skills.
Tags: Book, Ebook, Editing, Electronic, Following, Right, Steps
Posted by on Sep 21, 2011 in
Writing Books Here are ‘7 Steps for Writing a Nonfiction Book’ that will help you to progress with your book writing project.
1. Determine Your Topic
Decide what you want to write about, what are your strengths? What areas do you have expertise in? Remember to write about an area that interests others, a topical issue that is relevant to your target audience.
2. Brainstorm and Map Out Chapters
Sort out chapters and give each one a title. Write an outline for the intended content and write down what you want your reader to get out of each chapter. Make sure each chapter is in congruence to the purpose and subject of your book. Save a word doc in A4 format, give it a working title (don’t spend too much time of this – you may wish to change your title later) you are now prepared to write. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now in progress.
3. Begin Writing
Invest an hour each day in writing, this can be in any chapter (at this stage they are not numbered). Write whatever is in your head into brief paragraphs under a subtitle, each subtitled section might be around 300 words. When a chapter is complete you could have about 10 subtitles and a total of about 3000 words. If you aim for a book of 10 chapters and about 30,000 words in total. As books are usually printed in A5 size, your book will contain about 180 pages, making it the ideal ‘easy-read’ paperback style.
4. Rewrite
Before beginning your daily writing commitment, read over what you wrote the day before, make improvements, changes and do some rewrites. Mark Twain said, ‘There is no good writing, only rewriting.’
5. Set The Completion Date
After many weeks of writing and rewriting, set a deadline for completion. When you arrive at that date put the manuscript into your desk draw for one week. Do not go near it until the week is over.
6. Read Through One Last Time
After the week, bring your manuscript to the surface, and read through it one last time. Allow yourself to make any further corrections or changes that are needed. Allocate about 5 one hour sessions for this exercise.
7. Send The Manuscript to An Editor
Send your manuscript to an editor and have an open mind to changes and corrections; a professional editor can make the difference between a good book and a great book.
These 7 steps have become my book-writing system. Forming a ‘book-writing, habitual system’ makes the authoring process a simple procedure and helps you avoid the peril of so many would-be authors lost in the midst of an uncharted writing jungle.
Tags: Book, Nonfiction, Steps, Writing
Posted by on Sep 11, 2011 in
Writing Books Have you always wanted to write a book? Or are you just starting to think about the things writing a book can do for your life and career? Writing a book can help you:
Attract new and ideal clients to your business. Quit your day job and start a whole new career – like my client Pat Hastings did when she retired from being a substance abuse counselor and, with the help of her book, became an international speaker and spiritual coach. Earn more money and passive income. Get high profile speaking opportunities. Get paid to travel. Get on national TV and spread your message to millions. Open the door to opportunities you never even dreamed of.
If you‘re like many people, though, you may find the idea of writing a book overwhelming. Where do you start? Here are seven steps that will get you going.
1. Clarify the WHY? Why do you want to write this book. What will it do for you, your readers, your business and the world?
2. Make the time. We‘re all busy. The biggest difference between those who succeed and become published and those whose books languish is that the former cut things out of their lives to make the time for their book. What will you cut out or limit (phone calls, shopping, e-mails, video games, TV)? Now commit the times in your schedule by writing them in your calendar or putting them in your blackberry.
3. Get clear on your audience. A successful book is written with a particular reader in mind. Especially if you don‘t already have a big platform, you‘ll want to target a core audience, knowing it will reach others too. This is sometimes the hardest thing for writers who often see that their book can help everyone, but it’s a pillar of marketing success. Think about what your readers most want and focus on providing your material in a way that helps them see they can achieve their goals and desires.
4. Organize your book. Many of us creative types loathe structure. Yet, many people have come to me with bits and pieces hoping I can help them make it into a book. They often have to throw most of it out because it just doesn‘t fit. Create the structure first. This is something a book coach, developmental editor or book writing class can help you with if it feels overwhelming to you.
5. Get support. It‘s easy to think you can do it alone, but getting support will keep you on track when you falter. You may find a writing buddy who’s also writing a book, a close friend, an editor or coach or a class. The people who tend to succeed also often get expert help to write and complete their books more quickly and to write a better book.
6. Make a plan. Yes, another anathema to us creative types, but it works. Have you ever been to a meeting that had no agenda? Was it mostly a waste of time? When you know where you‘re going it’s much easier to get there.
7. Intention is key. Intend to have fun. Intend for it to be easy. Intend for your book to be magnificent. And enjoy the process.
Tags: Book, First, Steps, write
Posted by on Jul 19, 2011 in
Essay Paper Writing an academic paper remains a difficult, trying, and intimidating task for many students. This is unfortunate because much of the course subjects a student will take while in a university requires paper writing as an academic exercise. In the same manner, expressing one’s self well in writing is frequently a critical ability in the professional community. Although eloquence and knowledge in composition are prized skills in any industry, writing an academic paper demands even more expertise. With academic writing, one need not only develop the ability to express one’s self in words, but also the ability to conduct research from a continuously widening range of sources in order to select and decide which among the relevant morsels of data are actually the most relevant. The writer must be able to properly provide his/her own observations, discussions, and conclusions. Nonetheless, academic writing does not simply constitute the expression of a person’s own opinions alone, but more importantly, it likewise calls for the expression of facts already established by others juxtaposed with one’s logical opinions and conclusions based on the research.
Why does writing an academic paper fill many students with dread? My observation following my exposure to the most common (and even the most uncommon) problems in the course of my work where I review thousands of papers is quite simple. The fear stems from not knowing much about the technical aspects of writing a paper. There are no clear-cut rules or, in a manner of speaking, no black and white method to guide scholars on how to compose an effective academic paper.
There are multitudes of references on formatting bibliographic entries, using search engines, creating outlines, and using word processors, among other things. However, in most likelihood, one cannot find a correct, concise, and simple description of the modern method of research, which includes building a paper from scratch and into its varied stages of composition, and scaling efforts to the needs of the assignment. I have searched and have not found any material focused on this subject, presenting me with the realization that such literature is greatly needed by aspiring (and even seasoned) academicians. With this article I have written, I aim to address this deficiency by presenting you a supplemental tool to writing academic papers, arranged in easy and numbered steps, beginning with Step 1 and continuing through to Step 12.
STEP 1. Begin early.
If you are currently busy and thinking there will be more time later, you might do better to think again. The future may only seem in order because it is yet to arrive. When it does, it will be as chaotic as the current situation is. So how do you end up being late? It all happens a day at a time. It is impossible to know when you will have a clear chunk of time later, so proceed to the next step as soon as a paper is assigned. Not doing so immediately lands authors, and yourself, on the road to being late-and it all happens a little as each day passes.
STEP 2. Create a budget of pages.
Let us assume that the assignment is a descriptive essay or, alternatively, a common “compare/contrast” paper. For matters of example, let us take the latter:
Compare and contrast the roles played by Freedom Park and Liberation Field in immigrants’ lives in America in the 1800s.(Please note that Freedom Park and Liberation Field are fictitious places and are only used as examples in our white paper.)
Let us say that the paper is intended to be around 2500 words (about six pages) in length when it has a margin of 1″ all around and single-spaced. Let us further suppose that the paper will not have a cover page. We also have to remember that the bibliography is never included in the page count.
The page budget for the paper also serves as the outline of your paper. You would have to decide what the elements of the paper would be, and the allocation of the necessary number of words/pages for each element. In the sample assignment, the logical page budget is established as follows:
1/2 page Opening statement. What is the paper all about? What are the subjects that will be presented? What are the paper’s objectives?
One page Facts about Freedom Park. Where is it located? When was it built? Who uses it? Are there noteworthy events that it has hosted?
One page Facts about Liberation Field. Where is it located? When was it built? Who uses it? Are there noteworthy events that it has hosted?
One page Immigration to New York, in general. What immigrant groups arrived during the time period specified? Are there interesting and relevant facts that may be cited for each group?
Two pages The meat of the paper; addressing the topic. What are the similarities and/or differences between the immigrant groups concerned, their respective involvement in their field/park, and the reason for their involvement?
1/2 page Summary and conclusion. How was the topic explored? What was determined / proven?
Page outlines provide authors with an overview of the appropriate coverage of each element of the paper. Without this outline, it is very easy to write excessively about issues you are already greatly familiar with, and much easier to write too little of issues you are not very familiar with. Moreover, you may not be able to address all issues involved. With a page outline, you can focus on addressing all issues within the corresponding amount of space coverage. More often than not, we find that with page outlines, we tend to edit down (lessen page coverage) than drag word count up with redundancies and/or generalizations. This is always a far much better position to have as an author.
Some professors specify page limits, while others do not. Thus, it is of extreme importance that you be able to plan your paper properly with the aid of a page outline. Writing is not about simply setting down on ink what comes to your mind, and then extending the words/phrases to meet page length limits. More than anything, it involves careful development of the proposed research statement or position on any given issue.
STEP 3. Gather resource materials.
Begin the paper with the assigned text if such is supplied. Academic textbooks usually contain bibliographies and/or footnote citations in reference to other books/articles. Hard copy publications remain excellent sources as the first set of resource materials to look for. When there is no assigned textbook relating to the assignment, you can begin with a search in an online library and with a subject search. The bibliographies and citations in this first batch of sources, if researched correctly, guarantee that much of the task will already be accomplished.
Next, build a list of the resources the first source of references point to. If the research task is small (less than 25 pages output, less than 15 sources), then a handwritten/typewritten breakdown is normally sufficient. However, if the research effort is greater (not too many undergraduate papers are, or will ever be), putting together the list in a spreadsheet and/or a Word document should be considered. Larger lists need search capabilities of the journal sources/references for better tracking of the subjects in each journal against subjects that cannot be found.
After locating the references/resources, prepare them for mark-up (always remember to do this only to photocopied/printed out copies and not to the original documents):
o For journals, always remember to photocopy journal covers and content tables because these pages usually contain the citation information for the articles that will be used.
o For Internet sources, print out the article/source and ensure that the URL (Web address of the source) is printed.
o Treat journal sources as you would your book sources.
Always remember that sources with their own bibliographies are the best references. As such, journals remain the most credible academic sources as opposed to ordinary publications like magazines. Unless your source is an acknowledged staple (or unless the paper’s subject is historical) in your field of study, try to find the most recent references as they more often prove to be more credible than earlier literature; this is especially true in the areas of science/technology.
STEP 4. Make a first reading of gathered resource materials.
A first reading is a quick browse through your references. You would need a general concept of the subject matter at hand to help form your own ideas regarding the topic. Mark the references that appear important and/or related to the concepts and/or facts of the task. Do not hope to gain in-depth knowledge at this time, but try to form a specific judgment regarding the references.
First readings should be conducted even while the resources are still being gathered. This saves much time. Always have some journals available for a quick read at any given time; this may be between classes, while in a bus, on a train ride, during lunch, and practically anywhere else. Always remember where you left off reading so no time is wasted when the material is picked up again.
At this stage of research writing, you will find seemingly essential materials/information that may prove worthless in the end. Cull liberally. It is best to differentiate the mash from the real grain at this point. Once the first read is done, ensure that the selected references are properly marked within one’s source sheet.
STEP 5. Draft a research statement.
After the first read, one should be ready to draft a research statement, which will be the core of the research paper. It is a simple statement with specific points that will form the coverage of the paper. Ideally, it is a paragraph composed of three to four sentences. Using our sample, the suggested research statement reads as follows:
The Irish were among the first big immigrant groups to land in New York. Through the years, these groups also came: the Swedes, the Germans, the Italians, the eastern Europeans, the Chinese, the Greeks, the Koreans, and more. The first generation of settlers often brought with them games that they played in their places of origin, but their second generations chose to adopt “American” sports, particularly baseball. Immigrant groups with access to venues such as Freedom Park and Liberation Field are most likely to develop skills needed to become sports professionals.
STEP 6. Read the selected references a second time around.
After having formed the research statement, one should read each of the selected sources a second time and in a more in-depth fashion, specifically searching for quotable passages that can support the research statement. Ensure that each potential quotable passage is marked for convenient reference, and that each of the reference sources is properly marked once the second reading is done for them.
STEP 7. Create the “backbone” of the document with a word processor.
First, set up the margins to 1″ on all sides (or to what is specified by the professor/publisher). Next, create a header including page numbers, and footers with file name and path. Form a first page with name and title lines, and insert a page break to create a second page. Finally, label the second page as the “Bibliography.” Note that there are no entries to be typed into the Bibliography at this stage, but citations will be added as quotes/references are typed in while the paper is written. Therefore, the paper now has pages: a start page with paper title, plus a blank Bibliography page.
Two points to keep in mind:
The bibliography documents whole books/articles.
Notes (these may be footnotes at the bottom of each page, or endnotes at the end of the research) link quoted phrases/sentences/concepts in the paper to a specific page in the bibliography.
Footnotes may be made in an MS Word document from the menu bar: Insert > Reference > Footnote
STEP 8. Type in the marked quotations, ensuring each has a comment regarding its relation to the research statement.
At this point in the paper, only typing is required. Transfer/type in all quotes that have been marked in the sources into the Bibliography page. Ensure that each entry is indented half an inch from the margin, and the entries are listed in alphabetical order. As each entry is typed in, form the citation footnote for the entry. These footnotes should be page specific to the reference being cited. Using this method, a credible citation list is created with minimized ambiguity, addressing imprecise citations that may be suspect.
As this step is largely mechanical, it may be started, paused, and re-initiated. With this stage, two significant aspects of the paper are remembered: the bulk of the paper is built with academically sound content and it completes the bibliography as well.
Once this step is completed, roughly 80% of the paper is also completed, given that proper care and attention have been placed in selecting the passages that are typed in.
STEP 9. Develop the thoughts of the content, ensuring each is supported by quotes.
Insert several blanks at the beginning of the paper before the first quote that will be used, and begin the draft of the paper’s content. Note that this starting point will ultimately fall into the middle part of the paper, but writing begins here because it is the most significant content of the paper.
Next, introduce another point, and then cut and paste quotations from the list completed in Step 8. Explore (by adding supporting sentences), support (by citing/quoting the author/s of the reference), or simply elaborate on the idea. Following this, cite two or more powerful quotations from the completed list in Step 8, citing different sources, and finally restating and summing up the idea with one’s original thoughts on the matter.
This pattern of writing should be followed until all the concepts of the core statement are addressed.
A nearly finished paper will emerge from this step.
STEP 10. Write the Introduction and Conclusion of the research paper.
In the example used, the Introduction would discuss details about Freedom Park and Liberation Field. This section does not form the heart of the paper, but ensure that quotes are still used to anchor the content to facts from the resources.
Make the conclusion concise and succinct. Re-state the major concepts explored by the paper, highlighting what has been “proven” using quotes and facts derived from the paper’s main body (constructed in Step 8). Avoid redundancy in terms of word use and sentence structure, a common mistake committed by less experienced authors worried about word count. Trust that a careful execution of Step 8 guarantees that word count limits are met for the paper.
STEP 11. Write the Abstract of the research paper.
It may seem strange that writing the Abstract of the paper is reserved toward the final stages of drafting a paper, but this is the best time to introduce what is going to be discussed in the paper – after the actual paper has already been actually written.
At this step, there is clarity in purpose to present what has already been presented (once due consideration has been given to the content that has been drafted).
STEP 12. Have the paper go through a final English review by a professional editor.
This step presents the final opportunity to find any spelling, grammar, or comprehension lapses in the paper that has just been drafted.
Now Pay Close Attention –
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